DUAL INLINE PACKAGE<br /> <br /> This is the term referred to the OLD CPU&#39;s of old.&nbsp; Just a chip that had to be carefully forced down onto its pins, where it would be tightly locked.&nbsp; It would have to be removed with great force, and was very easy to damage.<br /> <br /> <img alt="" src="/sites/default/files/Three_IC_circuit_chips.JPG" style="width: 220px; height: 165px;" /><br />

SINGLE EDGE CONTACT CARTRIDGE<br /> <br /> <br /> <img alt="" src="/sites/default/files/220px-Pentium_II_front.jpg" style="width: 220px; height: 147px;" /><br />

The audio interface for a PC is commonly a Mini 3.5mm (1/8th inch) TRS (Tip Ring Sleeve) audio connector.<br /> <br /> There can be several ports on the back of the PC depending on how many audio outputs your particular sound card has.<br /> <br /> Colors could include (but are not limited to):<br /> <br /> GREEN = Line level Output for main stereo speakers<br /> PINK = Analog Microphone In<br /> LIGHT BLUE = Analog Audio line level Input<br /> BLACK = Analog line level output for surround speakers (rear L+R)<br /> BROWN = Analog line level output for Right-to-left speaker<br /> ORANGE = Center/Subwoofer<br /> GOLD = Gameport / MIDI<br /> <br /> <img alt="" src="/sites/default/files/VIA_Envy_0.jpg" style="width: 400px; height: 226px;" /><br />

<br /> Firewire (also known as IEEE 1394) is a standard developed by Apple.<br /> <br /> It contains two types of cables:&nbsp; 6 circuit cable (Powered) and 4 circuit cable (Non powered)<br /> <br /> <br /> FW400 - 400 Mb/s (Half Duplex)<br /> FW800 - 800 Mb/s (Full Duplex)<br /> <br /> <img alt="" src="/sites/default/files/FireWire_cables_0.jpg" style="width: 350px; height: 233px;" /><br /> 4-circuit (left) and 6-circuit (right) FireWire 400 alpha connectors<br />

<br /> Floppy Connector is a flat ribbon cable with 34 pins.<br /> <br /> While it&#39;s largely considered legacy hardware, there are still many motherboards who support Floppy drives, and most BIOS&#39;s support floppy drives.<br /> <br /> The Cable looks like this:&nbsp; Note the &#39;twist&#39; between drive B connectors and drive A connectors.&nbsp; While there ARE four connectors on this cable, the cable can only support two drives.&nbsp;&nbsp; 1 in either of the B connectors, and another one in either of the A connectors.<br /> <br /> <img alt="" src="/sites/default/files/fddcable02.jpg" style="width: 400px; height: 300px;" /><br />

<br /> The Parallel Port is a legacy port often used by printers, and can also be referred to as &quot;LPT1&quot;<br /> <br /> DB-25 connector... Many kinds of connectors were used including the &quot;Centronics&quot; connector introduced in the 70&#39;s.&nbsp; This standard for printers and other devices has largely been replaced by USB, although some Parallel Printers can still be found.<br /> <br /> <img alt="" src="/sites/default/files/parallel-cable_0.jpg" style="width: 350px; height: 300px;" /><br /> A Common DB-25 to Centronics (36 pin) printer cable.<br />

<br /> 4 pin Mini-DIN or 7 pin locking connector.&nbsp; The S-Video connector is becoming exceedingly rare having been replaced by HDMI (which supports digital HD video AND Sound) almost totally across the board.<br /> <br /> <img alt="" src="/sites/default/files/s.video_.gif" style="width: 368px; height: 404px;" /><br />

<br /> The serial connector (often referred to as RS-232) can consist of a DE-9 (9 pin) or DB-25 (25 pin) connector.&nbsp; The 9 pin is similar to a VGA port, but the male female roles are reversed.&nbsp; (Female on the cable, and male on the receptacle)<br /> <br /> <img alt="" src="/sites/default/files/04_20_46---Serial-Connector_web_0.jpg" style="width: 300px; height: 200px;" /><br /> <img alt="" src="/sites/default/files/CC314-06_LR_0.jpg" style="width: 300px; height: 245px;" /><br />

<br /> UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS<br /> <br /> Has a theoretical maximum of 127 devices which may be plugged into a single Host controller including up to 5 hubs.&nbsp; USB also provides up to 5 volts of power to its devices.<br /> <br /> USB 1.0 - Original standard allowed for 12 Mbit/s<br /> USB 1.1 - Allowed for 12 Mbit/s and a lower 1.5 Mbit/s speed for slower devices.<br /> USB 2.0 - Allows for up to 480 Mbit/s transfer speed<br /> <br /> The new USB 3.0 standard will allow for up to 4.8 Gbit/s transfer speed, although this standard has not yet been fully ratified (at time of writing)<br /> <br /> <img alt="" src="/sites/default/files/220px-Usb_connectors.JPG" style="width: 220px; height: 70px;" /><br /> <br /> Types of USB connectors left to right:<br /> &bull; male Micro B<br /> &bull; male Mini B (8-pin)<br /> &bull; male Mini B (5-pin)<br /> &bull; female standard A<br /> &bull; male standard A<br /> &bull; male standard B<br />

<br /> VGA DE-15 pin connector.&nbsp; The cable is a male connector, and the receptacle is female.<br /> <br /> <img alt="" src="/sites/default/files/SVGA_port_0.jpg" style="width: 300px; height: 225px;" /><br /> <br /> <img alt="" src="/sites/default/files/vga-connector_0.jpg" style="width: 300px; height: 263px;" /><br />

<br /> DUAL INLINE MEMORY MODULE<br /> <br /> These are the Ram modules still in use today.&nbsp; Many many different types and speeds of DIMM are available, and still being re-designed and improved upon.<br /> <br /> 64bit - SDRAM - 168 pins<br /> DDR (Dual Data Rate) - 184 pins<br /> DDR2, DDR3 (x2, x4) - 240 pins<br /> <br /> <img alt="" src="/sites/default/files/DIMMs_0.jpg" style="width: 400px; height: 249px;" /><br /> Two types of DIMMs: a 168-pin <span class="mw-redirect">SDRAM</span> module (top) and a 184-pin DDR SDRAM module (bottom). Note that the SDRAM module has two notches on the bottom edge, while the DDR1 SDRAM module has only one. Also note that both modules have 8 RAM chips, but the lower one has an unoccupied space for a 9th.<br />

RAMBUS INLINE MEMORY MODULE<br /> <br /> Old technology... these are very very rare and very very expensive.<br /> <br /> 16 bit modules - 184 pins.&nbsp;&nbsp; 32 bit modules - 232 pins<br /> <br /> Every slot had to be filled.&nbsp; If you didn&#39;t have enough to fill every slot, you had to use a &#39;continuity&#39; Rimm for termination (which matched the 16bit or 32bit variety)<br /> <br /> <img alt="" src="/sites/default/files/400px-RAMBUS-Memory.jpg" style="width: 400px; height: 101px;" /><br /> RIMM MEMORY MODULE<br /> <br /> <img alt="" src="/sites/default/files/400px-RAMBUS-Terminator.jpg" style="width: 400px; height: 73px;" /><br /> RIMM CONTINUTITY MODULE<br />

<br /> SINGLE INLINE MEMORY MODULE<br /> <br /> This is an old Ram type with memory modules on one side of the chip.&nbsp; The contacts were the same on the front and the back of the module.&nbsp; Modules had to be installed in pairs or identical groups of four.<br /> <br /> 30 pin + 72 pin varieties.<br /> <br /> <img alt="" src="/sites/default/files/SIMMs.jpg" style="width: 365px; height: 196px;" /><br /> <br />

<br /> SMALL OUTLINE DUAL INLINE MEMORY MODULE<br /> <br /> Used by Laptops, this smaller version of the DIMM fits neatly into smaller spaces.<br /> <br /> 72, 100, 144, 200, 204 pin varieties.<br /> <br /> <img alt="" src="/sites/default/files/SODIMM_DDR.png" style="width: 220px; height: 311px;" /><br />

ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY EXTENDED<br /> <br /> This is currently the most popular style of motherboard form factor<br /> <br /> The Power outputs on these boards consist of either a 20 pin power connector or a 24 pin power connector.<br /> <br /> <img alt="" src="/sites/default/files/ATX-large_0.jpg" style="width: 450px; height: 218px;" /><br />

<br /> BALANCED TECHNOLOGY EXTENDED<br /> <br /> This mother board was smaller than the ATX (lower but slightly wider)<br /> It was designed to dissipate heat, as all the components (like memory slots, and PCI slots were all parallel with each other) allowing for air to flow through the design.<br /> <br /> THe CPU was designed on a 45 angle to the rest of the motherboard.<br /> <br /> This motherboard form factor is no longer in production.<br /> <br /> <img alt="" src="/sites/default/files/d915gmh_big_0.jpg" style="width: 450px; height: 358px;" /><br />

<br /> Low profile design of the standard ATX motherboard.<br /> <br /> Limited in the number of expansion slots, but it has the same mounting points and same power requirements as the ATX.<br /> <br /> <img alt="" src="/sites/default/files/Asus_a8n_VMCSM02_0.jpg" style="width: 450px; height: 418px;" /><br />

<br /> NEW LOW PROFILE EXTENDED<br /> <br /> This was the first motherboard to provide support for AGP cards.&nbsp; It had better thermal characteristics than previous motherboards, and was designed to quick swap outs.&nbsp; The expansion cards were actually seated in a daughter card which attached to the NLX motherboard.&nbsp; It could be removed from the case with out the use of tools (screwless design), leaving the expansion cards still seated in the case.<br /> <br /> <img alt="" src="/sites/default/files/nlxphoto.gif" style="width: 320px; height: 207px;" /><br /> <br /> <br />

<br /> DESTINATION NETWORK ADDRESS TRANSLATION<br /> <br /> This is the opposite of SNAT.&nbsp; Whereby it takes a routable address and converts it to an internal non-routable address.&nbsp; When traffic reaches a gateway, DNAT converts the external address to the Internal address allowing the packet to complete its trip.<br />

<p><span style="font-size: 20px;">NETWORK ADDRESS TRANSLATION<br /> <span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /> When an address is sent onto the Internet from a Router, NAT is a method of resolving the internal network address of the local machine, and rewriting it as the address of the gateway router. As a result, every host on the subnetwork doesn&#39;t require an internet-valid IP address.<br /> <br /> Instead, all hosts on the network have a private network address, and 1 Internet valid address assigned to the router (representing the entire subnetwork.)<br /> <br /> </span><br /> <br /> </span></p>

PORT ADDRESS TRANSLATION<br /> <br /> Translates TCP or UDP communications made between hosts on a private network and hosts on a public network.&nbsp; It allows a single public IP address to be used by many hosts on a private network.<br />

<br /> SOURCE (or Secure) NETWORK ADDRESS TRANSLATION<br /> <br /> SNAT is an addressing protocol that translates a source (internal) IP into a routable address.<br />

<br /> FTP - File Transfer Protocol - TCP Port 20 (Data) and 21 (Control)<br /> BOOTP (Bootstrap) and DHCP (Dynamic Host Control Protocol) - UDP Port 67, 68<br /> POP3 (Post Office Protocol v3) - TCP 110<br /> NTP - UDP Port 123<br /> <br />

<br /> IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) - TCP and UDP 143<br /> SSH (Secure Shell) - TCP 22, UDP 22<br /> DNS (Domain Name Seriver) - TCP 53, UDP 53<br /> HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) - TCP 80<br />

<br /> NNTP (Network News Transfer Protocol (Usenet)) - TCP 119<br /> SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) - TCP 161&nbsp; UDP 161<br /> Telnet - TCP 23<br /> Secure HTTP - TCP 443<br /> <br />

<br /> SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) - TCP 25<br /> TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) - UDP 69<br /> <br />

<br /> This is a Fiber Optic SC (Standard Connector).<br /> <br /> It is inserted straight into the port until a click is heard.&nbsp; We remember this type by the name &quot;Stab and Click&quot; (SC)<br />

<br /> This is a Fiber Optic ST (Straight Tip) connector.<br /> <br /> This is one of the more popular Fiber Optic connectors connected by inserting into the port and gently twisting it until it&#39;s locked.&nbsp; It is known as the &quot;Stab and Twist&quot; (ST) connector.<br /> <br /> Care must be taken not to scratch the end of the fiber when inserting.<br />

<br /> This is a Fiber Optic FDDI connector.&nbsp; They have two 2.5 mm ferrules with a shroud covering the ferrules.&nbsp; They snap in, and are generally used to connect network to a wall jack.<br />

<br /> This is a Fiber Optic LC (Local Connector) connector.&nbsp; They are about half the size of SC connectors with a 1.25mm ferrule.<br /> <br /> This can be known as the &quot;Little Connector&quot; LC.<br /> <br />

RJ-11, RJ-14, RJ-25<br /> <br /> Used for telephone lines.<br /> <br /> Has a total of 6 connector pins (How many are being USED depends on the type)<br /> <br /> RJ-11 uses 2 wires (1 pair)<br /> RJ-14 uses 4 wires (2 pair) 2 Telephone lines (or 1 line and 1 intercom or buzzer)<br /> RJ-25 uses all 6 wires and can accommodate 3 lines<br />

RJ-45<br /> <br /> This is a common CAT connector.&nbsp; Won&#39;t fit in an RJ-11 plugin<br /> <br /> 8 wires.<br /> <br /> The wiring configuration depends on T568-A or T568-B standard.<br />

Record a device&#39;s baseline performance when you add it to the networkl.&nbsp; You can then compare its performance on any given day to the baseline you&#39;ve saved to help determine if the device is operating properly.<br /> <br /> Baselines of the entire network can be accomplished as well.<br />

<br /> IP Addressing and subnet information.&nbsp; Diagram allows you to know what IP addresses pertain to all network resources, and troubleshoot problems.<br />

<br /> The location of all network resources (client computers, servers, network printers, routers, switches, firewalls, WAP&#39;s and other hardware related to the network, including cabling).<br /> <br />

An organizations policies and procedures as they relate to the IT department and network implementation.<br />

<br /> Any state, provincial or federal regulations that affect an organization&#39;s IT implementation, including local wiring and electrical codes, and HR regulations that govern users&#39; work on computers and the network.<br />

<br /> A diagram denoting the location of network wiring throughout the organization.&nbsp; Used to diagnose and repair physical wiring problems or make changes to the wiring layout.<br /> <br /> This document does not layout wiring TYPES, or Connectors.&nbsp; Simply the physical path of the wiring.<br /> <br /> Uses Symbols to designate devices in the schematic.<br />

<br /> INTERNET ADDRESS (version 4)<br /> <br /> Currently the prodominent addressing method used by networks<br /> <br /> 4 Octets each containing 8 bits.&nbsp; These octets are commonly displayed in Base10 numbering system, but it&#39;s helpful to be able to convert to binary when needed.<br /> <br /> 192.168.10.1 = 1100 0000 . 1010 1000 . 0000 1010 . 0000 0001<br /> <br /> The first part of the IP Address identifies the network, and the last part identifies the host.<br /> <br /> Allows for 4.3 billion potential hosts.<br />

<br /> IP Address range:&nbsp; 1.0.0.0 to 126.0.0.0<br /> <br /> Subnet Mask:&nbsp; 255.0.0.0<br /> <br /> <br /> or (in Binary):<br /> <br /> 0000 0001.0000 0000.0000 0000.0000 0000<br /> to<br /> 0111 1110.0000 0000.0000 0000.0000 0000<br /> <br /> Subnet Mask:<br /> <br /> 1111 1111.0000 0000.0000 0000.0000 0000<br /> <br />

<br /> IPv4 range:&nbsp; 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.0.0<br /> <br /> Subnet mask of:&nbsp; 255.255.0.0<br /> <br /> or (in binary)<br /> <br /> 1000 0000.0000 0000.0000 0000.0000 0000<br /> to<br /> 1011 0000.1111 1111.0000 0000.0000 0000<br /> <br /> Subnet mask of:<br /> <br /> 1111 1111.1111 1111.0000 0000.0000 0000<br /> <br />

<br /> IPv4 range of: 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.0<br /> <br /> Subnet mask of:<br /> <br /> 255.255.255.0<br /> <br /> <br /> or (in binary):<br /> <br /> 1100 0000.0000 0000.0000 0000.0000 0000<br /> to<br /> 1101 1111.1111 1111.1111 1111.0000 0000<br /> <br /> Subnet mask of:<br /> <br /> 1111 1111.1111 1111.1111 1111.0000 0000<br /> <br />

IPv4 range of:&nbsp; 224.0.0.0 to 239.0.0.0<br /> <br /> No standard subnet mask.&nbsp; This class is used as Multicasting address.<br /> <br /> In binary:<br /> <br /> 1110 0000.0000 0000.0000 0000<br /> to<br /> 1110 1111.0000 0000.0000 0000<br /> <br />

<br /> IPv4 address range of:&nbsp; 240.0.0.0 to 255.0.0.0<br /> <br /> These addresses are for experimental use only.&nbsp; No standard subnet mask.<br /> <br /> <br /> Also known as (in binary):<br /> <br /> 1111 0000.0000 0000.0000 0000.0000 0000<br /> to<br /> 1111 1111.0000 0000.0000 0000.0000 0000<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br />

<br /> INTERNET PROTOCOL ADDRESS version 6<br /> <br /> IP version 6 is a 128 bit addressing, displayed in Hexadecimal (Base 16).<br /> <br /> Displayed in 8 groupings of 16 bytes separated by colons.<br /> <br /> Example:&nbsp; 3FFE:FFFF:0000:2F3B:02AA:00FF:FE28:9C5A<br />

Link local is the IPv6 equivelant of IPv4&#39;s APIPA<br /> <br /> It always begins with: FE80::<br /> <br />

<br /> The physical layer is responsible for placing network data on the wire (or in the case of wireless, along the wireless data path).&nbsp; It transforms the digital data into electrical impulses (known as Signal Encoding).<br />

The Data Link layer has two sub-layers (MAC and LLC)<br /> <br /> MAC - Media Access control<p class="rteindent1">Media Access Control defines specifications for controlling access to the media.&nbsp; The MAC sublayer:</p><ul><li>Adds frame start/stop information to the packet</li><li>Adds CRC (Cyclical Redundancy Check) error control</li><li>Converts frames into bits to be sent across the network</li><li>Identifying network devices and network topologies in preparation for media transmission.</li><li>Defining a physical address (MAC Address) for each device on the network.</li><li>Controlling access to the transmission medium (through CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA or token passing)</li></ul><p class="rteindent1">&nbsp;</p>LLC - Logical Link Control<br /> <p class="rteindent1">LLC provides an interface between the MAC layer and the upper-layer protocols.&nbsp; It is responsible for:</p><ul><li>Maintaining orderly delivery of frames through proper sequencing</li><li>Controlling the flow rate of transmissions</li><li>Ensuring error free reception of packets by retransmitting if needed</li><li>Converting data to appropriate form for upper layers</li><li>Removing framing information from the packet and forwarding the message to the network layer.</li><li>Provide a way for upper layers to use a MAC layer protocol</li></ul>

<br /> The network layer describes how data is ROUTED.<br /> <br /> Routing occurs at this layer (A Router is a layer 3 device)<br /> Maintaining addresses of neighbouring routers<br /> Maintaining a list of known networks<br /> Placement of Data into PACKETS<br /> Determination of the path data should take to its destination.<br /> <br /> Examples include:&nbsp; IP, ICMP, IGMP, ARP, RARP, IPS, NetBEUI, and DDP<br />

<br /> &quot;End to End Connections and Reliability&quot;<br /> <br /> The transport layer provides the link between the upper and lower levels of the OSI model, making them transparent to each other.&nbsp; Includes MOST of the Error Control and flow control.&nbsp; TCP and SPX operate at this level.<br /> <br /> Transport layer receives large packets from upper layers, and breaks them down into segments to be sent along.&nbsp; This is necessary to ensure the data is small enough to meet network and size restrictions.<br /> <br /> Each segment is numbered to ensure it can be assembled in the correct sequence.<br /> <br /> <strong>Connection-oriented Protocols</strong> - these protocols perform error detection and correction and identify lost packets for re-transmission.<br /> <br /> <strong>Connectionless Protocols - </strong>Assumes a link between hosts.&nbsp; Transmits data blindly with no regard for accuracy or reliablility.&nbsp; Quick and efficient with the risk of data loss.<br /> <br /> Protocols include TCP (connectioned), UDP (connectionless) and SPX<br />

&quot;Interhost Communications&quot;<br /> <br /> Determine how two computers establish, synchronize, maintain, and end communication sessions.&nbsp; IP and IPX operate at this layer.<br />

<br /> &quot;Data Presentation and Encryption&quot;<br /> <br /> This layer translates data from application to network format (and vice versa) providing independance from differences in data representation.<br /> <br /> It translates data into a form the application layer can interpret.&nbsp; This layer is also responsible for encryption and formatting data to be sent across the network providing freedom from cross-platform compatibility problems.&nbsp; (For example, web graphics and text, music and video formats.)<br />

<br /> Refers to communication services and is the interface between the network and application services.&nbsp; This layer is responsible for providing high-level services to the end user, such as Print services, file services, messaging services.<br /> <br /> It&#39;s important to note that Software applications (such as Microsoft Word, Excel, or Outlook) have no relevence to &#39;application&#39; in this model.&nbsp; However, application level services (such as HTTP, FTP, POP3 and SMTP (to name a few) do.)<br /> <br />

<br /> Layer 1 - Network Layer<br /> Corresponds to Layers 1 (Physical) AND 2 (Data Link) of the OSI Model<br />

Layer 2 - TRANSPORT LAYER<br /> <br /> Corresponds (1:1) to Layer 4 (Transport) layer of the OSI Model.<br />

<br /> Layer 3 - INTERNET Layer<br /> Corresponds to Layer 3 (Networking) Layer of the OSI model<br />

<br /> Layer 1 - Application layer<br /> <br /> Corresponds to Layers 7, 6 and 5 of the OSI Model (Application, Presentation, Session)<br /> <br />

CARRIER SENSE MULTIPLE ACCESS (with COLLISION AVOIDANCE)<br /> <br /> CSMA/CA is a Media Access Method for <strong>wireless</strong> ethernet.<br /> <br /> Collision avoidance is used to improve the access method by not transmitting data when the channel is sensed as being active (if another node is transmitting).&nbsp;<br /> <br /> It differs from CSMA/CD due to the difference in the transmission medium (Radio Frequency)<br />

CARRIER SENSE MULTIPLE ACCESS (With COLLISION DETECTION)<br /> <br /> CSMA/CD is an Ethernet NETWORK ACCESS METHOD for providing data-packet collision detection.<br /> <br /> When a station is sending data, the following algorithm is followed:<br /> <ol><li>Frame ready for transmission.</li><li>Is medium idle? If not, wait until it becomes ready</li><li>Start transmitting.</li><li>Did a collision occur? If so, go to collision detected procedure.</li><li>Reset retransmission counters and end frame transmission.</li></ol>If a collision is detected, the following algorithm is followed:<br /> <br /> <ol><li>Continue transmission until minimum packet time is reached (jam signal) to ensure that all receivers detect the collision.</li><li>Increment retransmission counter.</li><li>Was the maximum number of transmission attempts reached? If so, abort transmission.</li><li>Calculate and wait random backoff period based on number of collisions.</li><li>Re-enter main procedure at stage 1.</li></ol><br />

<br /> Operates at the Data Link Layer of the OSI model<br /> Also operates at the MAC (Media Access Control) address sub-layer<br /> <br /> Bridges are also known as &quot;Intelligent Repeaters&quot;<br /> <br /> They connect two different LAN&#39;s making them appear as one.<br /> <br /> They can filter packets based on the address thus reducing traffic across networks.<br /> <br /> NOTE: A bridge not only allows connection between different network segments, it also allows for dissimilar network segments.

CHANNEL SERVICE UNIT / DATA SERVICE UNIT<br /> <br /> Operates at the physical layer of the OSI model<br /> <br /> A CSU/DSU is a digital interface device used to connect Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) such as a router, to a digital circuit (such as a T1 line)<br /> <br /> <br />

This bridge encapsulates the packets from one network into the packets of another network for transmission across an intermediate type of network.<br /> <br /> For example, Token ring packets encapsulated into Ethernet for transmission across an ethernet with the destination being another Token Ring network.<br />

A firewall provides security to your network, by controlling the data flow and preventing unwanted traffic from penetrating to individual hosts.<br /> <br /> Can be hardware or software (or both).<br />

Operates at the Application, Presentation, Session and Transport layers of the OSI model.<br /> <br /> A Gateway is a generic term for any device that connects one network to another.&nbsp; Such as a private network to the Internet<br /> <br /> The gateway controls the flow of data between networks.<br />

<br /> A translating bridge simply bridges two different network topologies.&nbsp; i.e. Ethernet to Token Ring.<br />

<br /> Operates on the physical layer of the OSI model.<br /> <br /> TYPES:&nbsp; Active hub, and Passive Hub<br /> (Active hubs regenerate signals, Passive hubs do not)<br /> <br /> A host sends a frame to another host through the hub.&nbsp;<br /> The frame goes to EVERY other host on the hub.<br /> Only the intended recipient will accept the frame.&nbsp; Every other host ignores.<br /> <br /> NOTE:&nbsp; To connect hubs together (or STACK), you are required to use a crossover cable.<br /> <br />

Bridges that are capable of automatically identifying devices on the segments they connect.<br />

MULTI-STATION ACCESS UNIT (or Media Access Unit)<br /> <br /> A device used in Token Ring setups.&nbsp; Instead of each host on the ring attached to the next host, an MSAU has the ring circuitry built-in.&nbsp; This makes the network LOOK like a star network, and the MSAU operates similar to an Ethernet Hub.<br /> <br /> The benefit is, if a workstation goes down, it does not take down the whole network.&nbsp; Instead, the MSAU detects the disconnection, removing the downed host from the token ring.&nbsp; The rest of the network continues to function.<br /> <br /> Multiple MSAU&#39;s can be stacked by plugging the RING OUT port to the RING IN port on the next MSAU<br />

Operates at the PHYSICAL layer in the OSI Model<br /> <br /> Extends the physical length of a network by amplifying and regenerating a network signal.&nbsp; It can also be used to extend the range of a wireless network, or connect network segments together.<br />

Operates at the Network layer of the OSI model<br /> <br /> A router connects two or more network segments together.<br /> <br /> They can connect networks within a single LAN, or they can be used as Gateways to connect multiple LANS together.<br /> <br /> <br />

Operates at the Data Link Layer of the OSI model<br /> <br /> A Switch acts like a hub, but with higher performance.&nbsp; A Switch forwards frames ONLY to the intended recipient host, not ALL the hosts (like on a hub).<br /> <ul><li>Builds a database based on MAC addresses to make forwarding decisions.</li><li>If the recipient is not in the database, packet is sent to all ports except the one from which it was received.</li><li>If the recipient IS in the database, the packet is forward to the appropriate port.</li></ul>

<br /> Operates at the Physical (even though it&#39;s wire<u>less</u>) and Data Link layer of the OSI model.<br /> <br /> WAP works like a hub, except that hosts connect wireless devices to a network using Radio Frequencies instead of wires.&nbsp; A WAP can interface to a wired network, or work stand-alone as a repeater.<br />

<br /> DYNAMIC HOST CONFIGURATION PROTOCOL<br /> <br /> DHCP (along with BOOTP) communicate on Ports 67 and 68<br /> <br /> DHCP is an automated mechanism to assign IP addresses to clients.&nbsp; Two versions...&nbsp; DHCP (IPv4) and DHCPv6 (IPv6)<br /> <br /> DHCP allocates an IP address for a fixed period of time.<br /> <br /> This is a 4 part process &quot;DORA&quot;:<br /> <br /> DHCPDISCOVER:&nbsp; The client computer broadcasts a message to the broadcast IP of 255.255.255.255, in order to find the DHCP server.&nbsp; The source IP is 0.0.0.0 with the MAC address attached to it.<br /> <br /> DHCPOFFER:&nbsp; The DHCP server, receiving this request, will respond to the broadcast address (255.255.255.255) with an offer of an IP address (based on certain rules contained in the router settings).&nbsp; If the computer received more than one DHCP offer, it will accept the first one.&nbsp; The OFFER will contain the IP address, subnet mask, default gateway and lease length.<br /> <br /> DHCPREQUEST:&nbsp; This message will be sent BACK through the broadcast address that the computer is requesting the proposed address.&nbsp; Any other DHCP server not specified in the request will put their offered IP address back into the pool of available addresses.<br /> <br /> DHCPACK:&nbsp; The accepted DHCP server will then send an ACKnowledgement back over the broadcast channel (255.255.255.255) to the requesting computer that the IP address has been granted.&nbsp; It will then be initialized with the new IP address, and communications to that address can commence.<br /> <br />

<p><span style="font-size: 24px;">Address Resolution Protocol</span><br /> <br /> Data Link Layer<br /> <br /> Used to discover the Hardware (MAC) Address of the Host<br /> Reverse ARP does the Opposite (discovers the IP address)<br /> Data Packets have 4 addresses:</p><ul><li>Source IP</li><li>Source MAC</li><li>Destination IP</li><li>Destination MAC</li></ul><br /> 2 Packet Process:&nbsp;&nbsp; ARP Request, ARP Reply<br />

DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM<br /> <br /> Ports TCP 53, and UDP 53<br /> <br /> USed to resolve host names (FQDN - Fully Qualified Domain Names) to IP addreses, and locate domain controllers.<br /> <br /> In the example:&nbsp; www.stupid-computer.com<br /> <br /> &quot;www&quot; indicates the host name<br /> &quot;stupid-computer&quot; indicates the Second Level domain and<br /> &quot;.&quot; indicates the root.<br /> &quot;com&quot; indicates the top level domain<br /> <br />

FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL<br /> <br /> Common ports TCP 20 (data), 21 (Control)<br /> <br /> Simple File Sharing protocol.&nbsp; A protocol for the remote manipulation of server-based files.&nbsp; Depending on user permissions, it Includes commands for uploading and downloading files, requesting directory listings, changing file permissions, and renaming files.<br /> <br /> Slowly being replaced by HTTP.<br />

<p class="rtecenter"><br /> <span style="font-size: 20px;">HyperText Transfer Protocol</span><br /> (The World Wide Web)<br /> <br /> Operates at the Application Layer of the OSI model<br /> <br /> This is the most common protocol.&nbsp; Used by Web Browsers and Web Servers<br /> <br /> Common TCP Port 80</p>

<br /> HYPER TEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE (SECURE)<br /> <br /> Application Layer<br /> TCP Port 443<br /> <br /> Secure web servers use SSL (Secure Socket Layer) to encrypt data between the server and the user&#39;s Web Browser.<br /> <br /> denoted by using &quot;https://&quot; before the domain name in the web address.<br /> <br /> This differs from S-HTTP in that, with HTTPS secures the full connection, whereas S-HTTP secures the individual data packets themselves.<br /> <br />

<p class="rtecenter"><br /> <span style="font-size: 20px;">Internet Control Messaging Protocol (and Version 6)</span><br /> <br /> Operates on the Network Layer of the OSI Model<br /> <br /> The most common use of the IMCP is the &quot;Ping&quot; utility.<br /> &quot;Ping&quot; uses IMCP to test connectivity between hosts.<br /> NOTE: a lack of response by Ping, does not necessarily mean the pinged host is not active.</p>

<p class="rtecenter"><br /> <span style="font-size: 20px;">Internet Group Management Protocol</span><br /> <br /> Operates on the Network layer of the OSI model<br /> <br /> Used in Multicast groups.&nbsp; IGMP protocol allows multicast packets to broadcast only to routers participating in the multicast.</p>

<br /> INTERNET MESSAGE ACCESS PROTOCOL (Version 4)<br /> <br /> Application Layer protocol<br /> <br /> Port TCP 143, UDP 143<br /> <br /> Another popular internet messaging protocol used to retrieve email messages.&nbsp; IMAP extends mail functionality beyond POP3, allowing the user to mirror message and folder structure of the server.&nbsp; Message headers are downloaded by the email client on the user&#39;s computer, and the full message is downloaded when needed.<br />

<p class="rtecenter"><br /> <span style="font-size: 20px;">Internet Protocol</span></p><ul><li>Network Layer of the OSI model</li><li>Internet Layer of the Network Model</li></ul><p><br /> Unreliable connectionless protocol.<br /> Sole function is to transmit TCP, USP and other higher level protocol packets, making the protocol routable.<br /> <br /> Requires a Transport Layer service to guarantee data delivery.</p>

NETWORK FILE SYSTEM<br /> <br /> is a network file system protocol allowing a user on a client computer to access files over a network in a manner similar to how local storage is accessed.<br />

<br /> NETWORK TIME PROTOCOL<br /> Operates on the Application Layer of the OSI model<br /> <br /> PORT UDP 123<br /> <br /> This is a time synchronization protocol for computer clocks using one of several Internet time servers.&nbsp; It is also used to synchronize logical clocks within a sub network.<br />

<br /> Open Shortest Path First<br /> <br /> Operates on the Network Layer of the OSI Model<br /> <br /> This is a LINK-STATE Router Protocol.<br /> <br /> OSPF Defines how information travels from one computer to another, and (as the name implies) always chooses the shortest path from point A to point B and back.<br />

POST OFFICE PROTOCOL (version 3)<br /> <br /> Application layer<br /> <br /> Port TCP 110<br /> <br /> Most common protocol for retrieving email messages.&nbsp; Has commands to download and delete messages.&nbsp; Does NOT support sending messages. Quite often complimented by the SMTP protocol for sending messages.<br /> <br /> Commonly, messages are transferred via POP3 to the users computer, then removed from the server, but a mail application can be configured to leave messages on the server indefinitely.<br /> <br />

<p class="rtecenter"><span style="font-size: 20px;">Routing Information Protocol (and Version 2)</span><br /> <br /> Operates on the Network Layer of the OSI layer<br /> <br /> Responsible for defining how paths are chosen between two subnets.</p>

<br /> <span style="font-size: 20px;">Real-Time Transport Protocol</span><br /> Runs on the Application Layer of the OSI Layer model<br /> <br /> Defines a standard packet format for delivering audio and video over the internet.&nbsp; It operates independantly of the transport layer, and can thus ride the TCP or UDP protocols.<br />

<span style="font-size: 20px;"><br /> SESSION INITIATION PROTOCOL</span><br /> <br /> Operates on the Session Layer of the OSI Model<br /> <br /> A signalling protocol designed to initiate or conclude VOIP (Voice Over Internet Protocol) sessions.&nbsp; It operates independantly of the Transport layer, and can use TCP or UDP.<br />

SIMPLE MAIL TRANSFER PROTOCOL<br /> <br /> Application Layer protocol<br /> <br /> Port TCP 25<br /> <br /> Used to send and receive email messages between servers.&nbsp; It is also used by email client software to send email to the server.&nbsp; (Never used to retrieve email from the server to the end-user)<br />

SIMPLE NETWORK MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL<br /> <br /> Network Layer on the OSI model<br /> <br /> Port TCP 161, UDP 161<br /> <br /> TCP/IP based management protocol that might be implemented on Routers.&nbsp; With SNMP it is possible to show or set various characteristics of a router to an SNMP based management station.<br />

SECURE SHELL<br /> <br /> Operates at the NETWORK layer of the OSI model<br /> Port TCP 22, UDP 22<br /> <br /> Like Telnet, SSH creates a remote connection from one computer to another, but unlike Telnet, it does so over a secure channel.&nbsp; Data is encrypted.&nbsp; Primarily used on Linux and Unix connections to provide shell access.<br />

<p class="rtecenter"><span style="font-size: 20px;">Transmission Control Protocol</span><br /> <br /> Operates over the Transport Layer on the OSI Model<br /> <br /> Standard protocol for transmitting information over the Internet.<br /> This is a connection oriented protocol in order to guarantee delivery, proper sequencing and data integrity.<br /> <br /> Will re-transmit failed data packets.<br /> <br /> Three packet process:<br /> <br /> <img alt="" src="/sites/default/files/TCP_Handshake.gif" style="width: 366px; height: 226px;" /></p>

<br /> <span style="font-size: 20px;">Transfer Control Protocol / Internet Protocol</span><br /> <br /> A suite of protocols used over all four Network Layers.<br /> <br /> <div class="rtecenter">Application<br /> Transport<br /> Internet<br /> Network Interface</div><br /> Also referred to as the <em>TCP/IP Stack</em>.<br />

TRIVIAL FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL<br /> Application Layer (OSI Model)<br /> Port UDP 69<br /> <br /> Similar to FTP, this protocol has fewer commands and than FTP and can only send and receive files.&nbsp; It is done over the connectionless UDP protocol.<br />

<br /> Application Layer protocol<br /> <br /> Operates on TCP 23<br /> <br /> Terminal emulation protocol is a legacy protocol primarily used to remotely connect to linux and unix systems.&nbsp; Due to the insecure nature of Telnet, SSH (Secure Shell) is more commonly used.<br />

<p class="rtecenter"><span style="font-size: 20px;">User Datagram Protocol</span><br /> <br /> Operates over the Transport Layer of the OSI model<br /> <br /> Connectionless, Unreliable, simple data transmission protocol.&nbsp; UDP simply sends packets to the destination, and receives no confirmation of whether the packets were received at all, let alone in the correct order.<br /> <br /> IF any negotiation is required, this is handled by the Application layer protocol.<br /> <br /> It&#39;s uncommon for most applications to use UDP<br /> <br /> Useful for small transmissions, Audio streaming applications, and TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) transmissions.</p>

Ethernet - Operates at 10 Mb/s<br /> <br /> <br /> In the example 10BASE-T<br /> <br /> &quot;10&quot; designates the transmission speed in Mb/s<br /> &quot;BASE&quot; designates Baseband vs. Broadband<br /> &quot;T&quot; designates a &quot;Twisted Pair&quot;<br /> &quot;F&quot; designates fiber optic<br /> &quot;C&quot; designates Copper Coax<br /> <br /> <br /> <div class="rtecenter"><span style="font-size: 20px;">TWISTED PAIR</span></div><table class="wikitable"><tbody><tr><th>Speed [Mbit/s]</th><th>Distance [m]</th><th>Name</th><th>Standard<br /> / Year</th><th>Description</th></tr><tr><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">100</td><td><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/10BASE-T" title="10BASE-T">10BASE‑T</a></td><td>802.3 (14)<br /> 1990<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup></td><td>Runs over four wires (two <a href="/wiki/Twisted_pair" title="Twisted pair">twisted pairs</a>) on a <a href="/wiki/Category_3_cable" title="Category 3 cable">Category 3</a> or <a href="/wiki/Category_5_cable" title="Category 5 cable">Category 5 cable</a>. An active <a href="/wiki/Ethernet_hub" title="Ethernet hub">hub</a> or <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Ethernet_switch" title="Ethernet switch">switch</a> sits in the middle and has a port for each node.&nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table><br /> <span style="font-size: 20px;"><br /> </span><div class="rtecenter"><span style="font-size: 20px;">Fiber Optic</span></div><br /> <table><tbody><tr><td><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/10BASE-F" title="10BASE-F">10BASE‑F</a></td><td>802.3 (15)</td><td>-- A generic term for the family of 10 Mbit/s Ethernet standards using fiber optic cable</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/10BASE-FL" title="10BASE-FL">10BASE‑FL</a></td><td>802.3 (15&amp;18)</td><td>an updated version of the FOIRL standard</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/10BASE-FB" title="10BASE-FB">10BASE‑FB</a></td><td>802.3 (15&amp;17)</td><td>intended for backbones connecting a number of hubs or switches; it is now obsolete</td></tr><tr><td><a class="new" href="/w/index.php?title=10BASE-FP&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" title="10BASE-FP (page does not exist)">10BASE‑FP</a></td><td>802.3 (15&amp;16)</td><td>a passive star network that required no repeater, it was never implemented</td></tr></tbody></table><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <div class="rtecenter"><span style="font-size: 20px;">Fast Ethernet (100 Mbit/s)</span></div><br /> <table class="wikitable"><tbody><tr><th>Name</th><th>Standard</th><th>Description</th></tr><tr><td>100BASE‑T</td><td>802.3 (21)</td><td>A term for any of the three standard for 100&nbsp;Mbit/s Ethernet over twisted pair cable. Includes <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/100BASE-TX" title="100BASE-TX">100BASE-TX</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/100BASE-T4" title="100BASE-T4">100BASE-T4</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/100BASE-T2" title="100BASE-T2">100BASE-T2</a>. As of 2009<sup class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag update" style="display: none;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethernet_physical_layer&amp;action=edit" rel="nofollow">[update]</a></sup>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/100BASE-TX" title="100BASE-TX">100BASE-TX</a> has totally dominated the market, and is often considered to be synonymous with 100BASE-T in informal usage. All of them use a star topology.</td></tr><tr><td>100BASE-TX</td><td>802.3 (24)</td><td><a href="/wiki/Category_5_cable" title="Category 5 cable">CAT5</a> copper cabling with two twisted pairs.</td></tr><tr><td>100BASE‑T4</td><td>802.3 (23)</td><td><a href="/wiki/Category_3_cable" title="Category 3 cable">CAT3</a> copper cabling (as used for 10BASE-T installations) with four twisted pairs (uses all four pairs in the cable). Now obsolete, as CAT5 cabling is the norm. Limited to half-duplex.</td></tr><tr><td>100BASE‑T2</td><td>802.3 (32)</td><td>No products exist.&nbsp; CAT3 copper cabling with two twisted pairs, star topology. Supports full-duplex. It is functionally equivalent to 100BASE-TX, but supports old telephone cable. However, special sophisticated digital signal processors are required to handle encoding schemes required, making this option fairly expensive at the time. It arrived well after 100BASE-TX was established in the market. the technology developed for 100BASE-T2 was the foundation for 1000BASE-T.</td></tr><tr><td>100BASE‑FX</td><td>802.3 (24)</td><td>Two strands of <a href="/wiki/Multi-mode_optical_fiber" title="Multi-mode optical fiber">multi-mode optical fiber</a>. Maximum length is 400 meters for half-duplex connections (to ensure collisions are detected) or 2 kilometers for full-duplex.</td></tr><tr><td>100BASE‑SX</td><td>TIA</td><td>100 Mbit/s Ethernet over multi-mode fiber. Maximum length is 300 meters. 100BASE-SX used short wave length (850&nbsp;nm) optics that was sharable with 10BASE-FL, thus making it possible to have an auto-negotiation scheme and have 10/100 fiber adapters.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/100BaseVG" title="100BaseVG">100Base‑VG</a></td><td>802.12</td><td>Standardized by a different IEEE 802 subgroup, 802.12, because it used a different, more centralized form of media access (&quot;Demand Priority&quot;). Championed by only <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/HP" title="HP">HP</a>, 100VG-AnyLAN (as was the marketing name) was the earliest in the market. It needed four pairs in a Cat-3 cable. Now obsolete (802.12 has been &quot;inactive&quot; since 1997) the standard has been withdrawn.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /> <div class="rtecenter"><span style="font-size: 20px;"><br /> <br /> 10 Gigabit Ethernet</span></div><p>The 10 gigabit Ethernet family of standards encompasses media types for single-mode fibre (long haul), multi-mode fibre (up to 300&nbsp;m), copper backplane (up to 1&nbsp;m) and copper twisted pair (up to 100&nbsp;m). It was first standardised as IEEE Std 802.3ae-2002, but is now included in IEEE Std 802.3-2008.</p><p>As of 2009<sup class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag update" style="display: none;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethernet_physical_layer&amp;action=edit" rel="nofollow">[update]</a></sup>, 10 gigabit Ethernet is predominantly deployed in carrier networks, where 10GBASE-LR and 10GBASE-ER enjoy significant market shares.</p><table class="wikitable" style="width: 462px; height: 457px;"><tbody><tr><th>Name</th><th>Standard</th><th>Description</th></tr><tr><td><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/10GBASE-SR" title="10GBASE-SR">10GBASE‑SR</a></td><td>802.3ae</td><td>designed to support short distances over deployed multi-mode fiber cabling, it has a range of between 26 m and 82 m depending on cable type. It also supports 300 m operation over a new 2000&nbsp;MHz.km multi-mode fiber.</td></tr><tr><td><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/10GBASE-LX4" title="10GBASE-LX4">10GBASE‑LX4</a></td><td>802.3ae</td><td>uses <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Wavelength_division_multiplexing" title="Wavelength division multiplexing">wavelength division multiplexing</a> to support ranges of between 240 m and 300 m over deployed multi-mode cabling. Also supports 10&nbsp;km over single-mode fiber.</td></tr><tr><td><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/10GBASE-LR" title="10GBASE-LR">10GBASE‑LR</a></td><td>802.3ae</td><td>supports 10&nbsp;km over single-mode fiber</td></tr><tr><td><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/10GBASE-ER" title="10GBASE-ER">10GBASE‑ER</a></td><td>802.3ae</td><td>supports 40&nbsp;km over single-mode fiber</td></tr><tr><td><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/10GBASE-SW" title="10GBASE-SW">10GBASE‑SW</a></td><td>802.3ae</td><td>A variation of 10GBASE-SR using the WAN PHY, designed to interoperate with OC-192 / STM-64 <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/SONET" title="SONET">SONET</a>/<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Synchronous_Digital_Hierarchy" title="Synchronous Digital Hierarchy">SDH</a> equipment</td></tr><tr><td><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/10GBASE-LW" title="10GBASE-LW">10GBASE‑LW</a></td><td>802.3ae</td><td>A variation of 10GBASE-LR using the WAN PHY, designed to interoperate with OC-192 / STM-64 <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/SONET" title="SONET">SONET</a>/<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Synchronous_Digital_Hierarchy" title="Synchronous Digital Hierarchy">SDH</a> equipment</td></tr><tr><td><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/10GBASE-EW" title="10GBASE-EW">10GBASE‑EW</a></td><td>802.3ae</td><td>A variation of 10GBASE-ER using the WAN PHY, designed to interoperate with OC-192 / STM-64 <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/SONET" title="SONET">SONET</a>/<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Synchronous_Digital_Hierarchy" title="Synchronous Digital Hierarchy">SDH</a> equipment</td></tr><tr><td><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/10GBASE-CX4" title="10GBASE-CX4">10GBASE‑CX4</a></td><td>802.3ak</td><td>Designed to support short distances over copper cabling, it uses <a href="/wiki/InfiniBand" title="InfiniBand">InfiniBand</a> 4x connectors and CX4 cabling and allows a cable length of up to 15 m. Was specified by the IEEE Std 802.3an-2006 which has been incorporated into the IEEE Std 802.3-2008.</td></tr><tr><td><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/10GBASE-T" title="10GBASE-T">10GBASE‑T</a></td><td>802.3an</td><td>Uses unshielded twisted-pair wiring.</td></tr><tr><td><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/10GBASE-LRM" title="10GBASE-LRM">10GBASE‑LRM</a></td><td>802.3aq</td><td>Extend to 220 m over deployed 500&nbsp;MHz.km multimode fiber</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table><ul><li>10 gigabit Ethernet is still fairly new and it remains to be seen which of the standards will gain commercial acceptance in consumer markets. 10GBASE-LR/ER are the most common usage in the Carrier/ISP market.</li><li>Note that both IEEE 802.2ae and IEEE 802.3ak have been incorporated into IEEE 802.3-2008.</li></ul><div class="rtecenter"><span style="font-size: 20px;"><br /> <br /> 40 Gigabit Ethernet</span></div><p>This is the most recent version of Ethernet and was standardized in June 2010.The nomenclature is as follows:</p><table class="wikitable" style="width: 456px; height: 109px;"><tbody><tr><th>Name</th><th>Standard</th><th>Description</th></tr><tr><td>40GBASE‑SR4</td><td>802.3ba</td><td>100 m operation over a new 2000&nbsp;MHz.km multi-mode fiber.</td></tr><tr><td>40GBASE‑LR4</td><td>802.3ba</td><td>10&nbsp;km operation over single-mode fiber.</td></tr><tr><td>40GBASE‑CR4</td><td>802.3ba</td><td>10 m operation copper cable assembly.</td></tr><tr><td>40GBASE‑KR4</td><td>802.3ba</td><td>1 m operation over <a href="/wiki/Backplane" title="Backplane">backplane</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="rtecenter"><span style="font-size: 20px;"><br /> <br /> 100 Gigabit Ethernet</span></div><p>This is the most recent version of Ethernet and was standardized in June 2010.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40100Gig_1-1"><a href="#cite_note-40100Gig-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> The nomenclature is as follows:</p><table class="wikitable" style="width: 466px; height: 124px;"><tbody><tr><th>Name</th><th>Standard</th><th>Description</th></tr><tr><td>100GBASE‑SR10</td><td>802.3ba</td><td>100 m operation over a new 2000&nbsp;MHz.km multi-mode fiber.</td></tr><tr><td>100GBASE‑LR4</td><td>802.3ba</td><td>10&nbsp;km operation over single-mode fiber.</td></tr><tr><td>100GBASE‑ER4</td><td>802.3ba</td><td>40&nbsp;km operation over single-mode fiber.</td></tr><tr><td>100GBASE‑CR10</td><td>802.3ba</td><td>10 m operation copper cable assembly.</td></tr></tbody></table><br />

<br /> A VIRTUAL LOCAL AREA NETWORK, makes it possible to group computers that are not necessarily connected to the same switch to operate as if they are part of the same broadcast domain.<br /> <br /> It can also be used to segregate computers on a larger network, into smaller networks for each office or department.<br />

<br /> A <b>circuit switching</b> network is one that establishes a circuit (or channel) between nodes and terminals before the users may communicate, as if the nodes were physically connected with an electrical circuit.<br /> <br /> It is more reliable than the Packet Switching method, as packets will arrive in order, but Packet Switching is faster than circuit switching.<br />

A method of forwarding a frame (or packet) before the whole frame has arrived, normally as soon as the destination address has been received.<br /> <br /> This method reduces latency (is faster) but less reliable than the &quot;Store and Forward&quot; method.<br />

<br /> A method that groups transmitted data into suitably sized blocks called Packets.&nbsp; The leads to variable bit-rate and delay depending on network traffic.<br /> <br /> Two modes:<br /> Connectionless - called DATAGRAM packet switching - This method, each packet contains complete routing information, and each packet is sent individually onto the network, which CAN lead to different routing paths and out-of-order delivery.<br /> <br /> Connectioned - called Virtual circuit switching - This method, a connection is defined and a transmission path set BEFORE data is transferred.&nbsp; The packet contains a connection identifier (instead of address information) and are delivered in order.<br />

<br /> The Store and Forward method is a method of packet switching whereby information is sent to an intermediate node where, upon verifying the integrity of the packet, it will be then forwarded off to the destination.<br />

<br /> Capacity per channel of 54 Mbps with real throughput of about 22 Mbps<br /> About 35 metres distance<br /> 2.4 GHz band (Susceptible to interference from microwave ovens, cordless phones, baby monitors and bluetooth devices)<br /> <br />

<br /> Capacity per channel:&nbsp; 54 Mbps (real throughput about 31 Mbps)<br /> Approximate distance of 35 Metres<br /> 8 overlapping Channels<br /> 5 GHz<br />

11 Mbps with real throughput of 3 Mbps<br /> 2.4 GHz<br /> 3 non overlapping channels<br /> <br />

Still in development, but being adopted widely<br /> <br /> Operates at 200 Mbps+<br /> Frequency range of 5 or 2.4 GHz<br /> Broadcast range of up to 70 Metres<br /> <br />

<br /> Point to Multi-point broadcast wireless standard.&nbsp; (31 miles line-of-site range)<br /> Bandwidth in excess of 70 Mbps<br /> Frequency ranges of 10 to 66 GHz for licensed and 2 to 11 GHz for unlicensed communications.<br />